UDC 69.055
The development of territories with extreme natural and climatic conditions, such as the Arctic, permafrost regions, seismic zones, high mountains, and deserts, represents a priority for modern construction. These regions present unique challenges, including soil instability, exposure to extreme temperatures (both low and high), strong wind loads, high humidity, cyclic freezing/thawing, as well as intense geodynamic and seismic processes. Traditional construction approaches often prove ineffective, leading to deformations, premature wear, and structural collapses, thereby increasing operational risks and costs. This article provides an analytical review and systematization of key natural, technogenic, and organizational factors influencing the design, erection, and operation of structures in such conditions. The study examines the impact of extreme temperatures on material strength (e.g., concrete degradation during freeze-thaw cycles, wood dehydration in heat, and thermal stresses), the effects of strong wind loads, corrosion processes under high humidity, and specific foundation requirements for permafrost soils (e.g., preventing thermal impact from structures). Particular attention is given to the application of geophysical survey methods (seismic, electrical, magnetic exploration, ground-penetrating radar) as essential tools for assessing soil conditions, detecting hidden anomalies, and forecasting geological risks during pre-design investigations. The principles of dynamic structural analysis, treating structures as oscillatory systems, are discussed as crucial for ensuring their stability against seismic and wind loads. Using the example of a wooden house in Yakutia (Oymyakon), it is demonstrated that for timber, humidity changes are a more significant deforming factor than temperature fluctuations, necessitating specific structural solutions and predicting potential damage up to 53% over 15 years of operation. The research findings underscore the critical need for an integrated approach, the use of adapted materials and technologies, and continuous monitoring to ensure the reliability, durability, and safety of structures in extreme environments.
land management, geophysics, construction, extreme conditions, materials, factors
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