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ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЛАЗЕРНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В КОСМЕТОЛОГИИ. ФРАКЦИОННАЯ АБЛЯЦИОННАЯ ЛАЗЕРНАЯ ШЛИФОВКА

THE USE OF LASER TECHNOLOGIES IN COSMETOLOGY. FRACTIONAL ABLATIVE LASER GRINDING

 Полянская Ангелина Андреевна, лечебный факультет, студент, Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет

Стерлева Екатерина Андреевна, Лечебный факультет, студент, Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет

Гиркина Диана Борисовна, Лечебный факультет, студент, Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет

Лакомова Екатерина Евгеньевна, Лечебный факультет, студент, Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет

Polyanskaya Angelina Andreevna, Faculty of Medicine, student, Stavropol State Medical University

Stebleva Ekaterina Andreevn, Faculty of Medicine, student, Stavropol State Medical University

Girkina Diana Borisovna, Faculty of Medicine, student, Stavropol State Medical University

Lakomova Ekaterina Evgenievna, Faculty of Medicine, student, Stavropol State Medical University

 Аннотация: В современной косметологии всё большую актуальность приобретает аппаратные методы лечения недостатков и несовершенств кожи. Лазерные технологии активно применяются во многих областях медицины и получили широкое распространение, в косметологии они используются при лечении пигментных и других типов новообразований, а также при устранении ороговевших участков кожи.

          Часто используемой лазерной методикой в последнее время стала возможность применения лазерной шлифовки углекислым газом. В настоящее время фракционный CO2-лазер с длиной волны 10600 нм широко используется в области косметологии и клинической терапии различных кожных заболеваний и позволяет эффективно улучшать регенерацию кожи и образование рубцов. Фракционная абляционная лазерная шлифовка углекислым газом является одним из передовых методов лечения шрамов от угревой сыпи.

          Лазерное излучение создает несколько микроскопических зон обработки для ускорения образования коллагена и процесса заживления реэпителизации в соответствии с принципом фракционного фототермолиза.

          Для получения удовлетворительных результатов у пациентов с рубцами всегда требуется повторная фракционная лазерная терапия; однако это лечение может легко привести к таким осложнениям, как эритема, отек, инфекция и поствоспалительная гиперпигментация. Кроме того, различные типы шрамов от угревой сыпи могут по-разному реагировать на лазер, что еще больше ограничивает его широкое применение. В связи с увеличением пула пациентов с заболеванием акне данная методика становится всё более актуальной.

          Abstract: In modern cosmetology, hardware methods of treating skin defects and imperfections are becoming increasingly relevant. Laser technologies are actively used in many fields of medicine and have become widespread, in cosmetology they are used in the treatment of pigmented and other types of neoplasms, as well as in the elimination of keratinized skin areas.

A frequently used laser technique in recent years has become the possibility of using laser grinding with carbon dioxide. Currently, a fractional CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10600 nm is widely used in the field of cosmetology and clinical therapy of various skin diseases and can effectively improve skin regeneration and scar formation. Fractional ablative laser resurfacing with carbon dioxide is one of the advanced methods of treating acne scars.

Laser radiation creates several microscopic treatment zones to accelerate the formation of collagen and the healing process of reepithelization in accordance with the principle of fractional photothermolysis.

To obtain satisfactory results in patients with scars, repeated fractional laser therapy is always required; however, this treatment can easily lead to complications such as erythema, edema, infection and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. In addition, different types of acne scars may react differently to the laser, which further limits its widespread use. Due to the increase in the pool of patients with acne, this technique is becoming more and more relevant.

Ключевые слова: шрамы от угревой сыпи; комбинированная терапия; фракционный СО2-лазер, абляционная лазерная шлифовка, АФ CO2 лазер.

Keywords: acne scars; combination therapy; fractional CO2 laser, ablative laser resurfacing, AF CO2 laser.

Список литературы

  1. Rao J. Treatment of acne scarring. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011;19:275-91.
  2. Ip A, Muller I, Geraghty AWA, et al. Views and experiences of people with acne vulgaris and healthcare professionals about treatments: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. BMJ Open 2021;11:e041794
  3. Abdel Hay R, Shalaby K, Zaher H, et al. Interventions for acne scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD011946
  4. Barbaric J, Abbott R, Posadzki P, et al. Light therapies for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;9:CD007917
  5. Sobanko JF, Alster TS. Management of acne scarring, part I: a comparative review of laser surgical approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:319-30.
  6. Sadick NS, Cardona A. Laser treatment for facial acne scars: A review. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018;20:424-35.
  7. Bernstein EF, Schomacker KT, Basilavecchio LD, et al. A novel dual-wavelength, Nd:YAG, picosecond-domain laser safely and effectively removes multicolor tattoos. Lasers Surg Med 2015;47:542-8.
  8. Wu DC, Goldman MP, Wat H, et al. A Systematic Review of Picosecond Laser in Dermatology: Evidence and Recommendations. Lasers Surg Med 2021;53:9-49.
  9. Bernstein EF, Schomacker KT, Basilavecchio LD, et al. Treatment of acne scarring with a novel fractionated, dual-wavelength, picosecond-domain laser incorporating a novel holographic beam-splitter. Lasers Surg Med 2017;49:796-802.
  10. Manuskiatti W, Punyaratabandhu P, Tantrapornpong P, et al. Objective and Long-Term Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a 1064-nm Picosecond Laser With Fractionated Microlens Array for the Treatment of Atrophic Acne Scar in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 2020; Epub ahead of print.
  11. Yang CS, Huang YL, Cheng CY, et al. A Prospective Study of Fractionated Dual-Wavelength Picosecond Laser in Treating Acne Scar. Lasers Surg Med 2020;52:735-42.
  12. Chapas AM, Brightman L, Sukal S. , et al. Successful treatment of acneiform scarring with CO2 ablative fractional resurfacing. Lasers Surg Med 2008; 40 (06) 381-386
  13. Walgrave SE, Ortiz AE, MacFalls HT. , et al. Evaluation of a novel fractional resurfacing device for treatment of acne scarring. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41 (02) 122-127
  14. Qian H, Lu Z, Ding H, Yan S, Xiang L, Gold MH. Treatment of acne scarring with fractional CO2 laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2012; 14 (04) 162-165
  15. Hsiao PF, Lin YC, Huang CC, Wu YH. Efficacy and safety of a single treatment using a 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser for mild-to-moderate atrophic acne scars in Asian skin. Zhonghua Pifuke Yixue Zazhi 2013; 31 (02) 59-63
  16. Cho SB, Lee SJ, Kang JM, Kim YK, Chung WS, Oh SH. The efficacy and safety of 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser for acne scars in Asian patients. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (12) 1955-1961
  17. Huang L. A new modality for fractional CO2laser resurfacing for acne scars in Asians. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 28 (02) 627-632
  18. Trelles MA, Shohat M, Urdiales F. Safe and effective one-session fractional skin resurfacing using a carbon dioxide laser device in super-pulse mode: a clinical and histologic study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35 (01) 31-42
  19. Ahmad TJ, Muzaffar F, Nabi H, Malik S, Noreen A, Hayat R. Efficacy and safety of ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser for acne scars. J Pak Assoc Dermatol 2012; 22: 41-44
  20. Kim HW, Chang SE, Kim JE, Ko JY, Ro YS. The safe delivery of fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment for acne scars in Asian patients receiving oral isotretinoin. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (12) 1361-1366
  21. Wang YS, Tay YK, Kwok C. Fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of atrophic acne scarring in Asian patients: a pilot study. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2010; 12 (02) 61-64
  22. Schweiger ES, Sundick L. Focal acne scar treatment (FAST), a new approach to atrophic acne scars: a case series. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12 (10) 1163-1167
  23. Alajlan AM, Alsuwaidan SN. Acne scars in ethnic skin treated with both non-ablative fractional 1,550 nm and ablative fractional CO2lasers: comparative retrospective analysis with recommended guidelines. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43 (08) 787-791
  24. Manuskiatti W, Triwongwaranat D, Varothai S, Eimpunth S, Wanitphakdeedecha R. Efficacy and safety of a carbon-dioxide ablative fractional resurfacing device for treatment of atrophic acne scars in Asians. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63 (02) 274-283
  25. Hedelund L, Haak CS, Togsverd-Bo K, Bogh MK, Bjerring P, Haedersdal M. Fractional CO2 laser resurfacing for atrophic acne scars: a randomized controlled trial with blinded response evaluation. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44 (06) 447-452
  26. Kim S, Cho KH. Clinical trial of dual treatment with an ablative fractional laser and a nonablative laser for the treatment of acne scars in Asian patients. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (07) 1089-1098
  27. Jung JY, Lee JH, Ryu DJ, Lee SJ, Bang D, Cho SB. Lower-fluence, higher-density versus higher-fluence, lower-density treatment with a 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser system: a split-face, evaluator-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36 (12) 2022-2029
  28. Yuan XH, Zhong SX, Li SS. Comparison study of fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing using different fluences and densities for acne scars in Asians: a randomized split-face trial. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (05) 545-552
  29. Bjørn M, Stausbøl-Grøn B, Braae Olesen A, Hedelund L. Treatment of acne scars with fractional CO2 laser at 1-month versus 3-month intervals: an intra-individual randomized controlled trial. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46 (02) 89-93
  30. Cho SB, Lee SJ, Cho S. , et al. Non-ablative 1550-nm erbium-glass and ablative 10 600-nm carbon dioxide fractional lasers for acne scars: a randomized split-face study with blinded response evaluation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24 (08) 921-925
  31. Reinholz M, Schwaiger H, Heppt MV. , et al. Comparison of two kinds of lasers in the treatment of acne scars. Facial Plast Surg 2015; 31 (05) 523-531
  32. Asilian A, Salimi E, Faghihi G, Dehghani F, Tajmirriahi N, Hosseini SM. Comparison of Q-Switched 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser and fractional CO2laser efficacies on improvement of atrophic facial acne scar. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16 (09) 1189-1195
  33. Zhang Z, Fei Y, Chen X, Lu W, Chen J. Comparison of a fractional microplasma radio frequency technology and carbon dioxide fractional laser for the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a randomized split-face clinical study. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (04) 559-566
  34. Azzam OA, Atta AT, Sobhi RM, Mostafa PI. Fractional CO(2) laser treatment vs autologous fat transfer in the treatment of acne scars: a comparative study. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12 (01) e7-e13
  35. Ahmed R, Mohammed G, Ismail N, Elakhras A. Randomized clinical trial of CO2LASER pinpoint irradiation technique versus chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) in treating ice pick acne scars. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2014; 16 (01) 8-13
  36. Cameli N, Mariano M, Serio M, Ardigò M. Preliminary comparison of fractional laser with fractional laser plus radiofrequency for the treatment of acne scars and photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (05) 553-561
  37. Faghihi G, Keyvan S, Asilian A, Nouraei S, Behfar S, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma combined with fractional ablative carbon dioxide resurfacing laser in treatment of facial atrophic acne scars: A split-face randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2016; 82 (02) 162-168
  38. Gawdat HI, Hegazy RA, Fawzy MM, Fathy M. Autologous platelet rich plasma: topical versus intradermal after fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment of atrophic acne scars. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (02) 152-161
  39. Lee JW, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Mun SK. The efficacy of autologous platelet rich plasma combined with ablative carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing for acne scars: a simultaneous split-face trial. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (07) 931-938
  40. Zhou BR, Zhang T, Bin Jameel AA. , et al. The efficacy of conditioned media of adipose-derived stem cells combined with ablative carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing for atrophic acne scars and skin rejuvenation. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2016; 18 (03) 138-148
  41. Manuskiatti W, Iamphonrat T, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Eimpunth S. Comparison of fractional erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet and carbon dioxide lasers in resurfacing of atrophic acne scars in Asians. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (1 Pt 1): 111-120
  42. Dreno B, Khammari A, Orain N. , et al. ECCA grading scale: an original validated acne scar grading scale for clinical practice in dermatology. Dermatology 2007; 214 (01) 46-51
  43. Lynn DD, Umari T, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP. The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2016; 7: 13-25
  44. Ghodsi SZ, Orawa H, Zouboulis CC. Prevalence, severity, and severity risk factors of acne in high school pupils: a community-based study. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129 (09) 2136-2141
  45. Lauermann FT, Almeida Jr HL, Duquia RP, Souza PR, Breunig JdeA. Acne scars in 18-year-old male adolescents: a population-based study of prevalence and associated factors. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91 (03) 291-295
  46. Naouri M, Atlan M, Perrodeau E. , et al. High-resolution ultrasound imaging to demonstrate and predict efficacy of carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing laser treatment. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (05) 596-603
  47. Magnani LR, Schweiger ES. Fractional CO2lasers for the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a review of the literature. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2014; 16 (02) 48-56
  48. Mu, Y. Z., Jiang, L., & Yang, H. (2019). The efficacy of fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser combined with other therapies in acne scars. Dermatologic therapy, 32(6), e13084.
  49. Galal, O., Tawfik, A. A., Abdalla, N., & Soliman, M. (2019). Fractional CO2 laser versus combined platelet-rich plasma and fractional CO2 laser in treatment of acne scars: Image analysis system evaluation. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 18(6), 1665–1671. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12909

Список литературы

  1. Rao J. Treatment of acne scarring. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011;19:275-91.
  2. Ip A, Muller I, Geraghty AWA, et al. Views and experiences of people with acne vulgaris and healthcare professionals about treatments: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. BMJ Open 2021;11:e041794
  3. Abdel Hay R, Shalaby K, Zaher H, et al. Interventions for acne scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD011946
  4. Barbaric J, Abbott R, Posadzki P, et al. Light therapies for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;9:CD007917
  5. Sobanko JF, Alster TS. Management of acne scarring, part I: a comparative review of laser surgical approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:319-30.
  6. Sadick NS, Cardona A. Laser treatment for facial acne scars: A review. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018;20:424-35.
  7. Bernstein EF, Schomacker KT, Basilavecchio LD, et al. A novel dual-wavelength, Nd:YAG, picosecond-domain laser safely and effectively removes multicolor tattoos. Lasers Surg Med 2015;47:542-8.
  8. Wu DC, Goldman MP, Wat H, et al. A Systematic Review of Picosecond Laser in Dermatology: Evidence and Recommendations. Lasers Surg Med 2021;53:9-49.
  9. Bernstein EF, Schomacker KT, Basilavecchio LD, et al. Treatment of acne scarring with a novel fractionated, dual-wavelength, picosecond-domain laser incorporating a novel holographic beam-splitter. Lasers Surg Med 2017;49:796-802.
  10. Manuskiatti W, Punyaratabandhu P, Tantrapornpong P, et al. Objective and Long-Term Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a 1064-nm Picosecond Laser With Fractionated Microlens Array for the Treatment of Atrophic Acne Scar in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 2020; Epub ahead of print.
  11. Yang CS, Huang YL, Cheng CY, et al. A Prospective Study of Fractionated Dual-Wavelength Picosecond Laser in Treating Acne Scar. Lasers Surg Med 2020;52:735-42.
  12. Chapas AM, Brightman L, Sukal S. , et al. Successful treatment of acneiform scarring with CO2 ablative fractional resurfacing. Lasers Surg Med 2008; 40 (06) 381-386
  13. Walgrave SE, Ortiz AE, MacFalls HT. , et al. Evaluation of a novel fractional resurfacing device for treatment of acne scarring. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41 (02) 122-127
  14. Qian H, Lu Z, Ding H, Yan S, Xiang L, Gold MH. Treatment of acne scarring with fractional CO2 laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2012; 14 (04) 162-165
  15. Hsiao PF, Lin YC, Huang CC, Wu YH. Efficacy and safety of a single treatment using a 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser for mild-to-moderate atrophic acne scars in Asian skin. Zhonghua Pifuke Yixue Zazhi 2013; 31 (02) 59-63
  16. Cho SB, Lee SJ, Kang JM, Kim YK, Chung WS, Oh SH. The efficacy and safety of 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser for acne scars in Asian patients. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (12) 1955-1961
  17. Huang L. A new modality for fractional CO2laser resurfacing for acne scars in Asians. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 28 (02) 627-632
  18. Trelles MA, Shohat M, Urdiales F. Safe and effective one-session fractional skin resurfacing using a carbon dioxide laser device in super-pulse mode: a clinical and histologic study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35 (01) 31-42
  19. Ahmad TJ, Muzaffar F, Nabi H, Malik S, Noreen A, Hayat R. Efficacy and safety of ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser for acne scars. J Pak Assoc Dermatol 2012; 22: 41-44
  20. Kim HW, Chang SE, Kim JE, Ko JY, Ro YS. The safe delivery of fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment for acne scars in Asian patients receiving oral isotretinoin. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (12) 1361-1366
  21. Wang YS, Tay YK, Kwok C. Fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of atrophic acne scarring in Asian patients: a pilot study. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2010; 12 (02) 61-64
  22. Schweiger ES, Sundick L. Focal acne scar treatment (FAST), a new approach to atrophic acne scars: a case series. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12 (10) 1163-1167
  23. Alajlan AM, Alsuwaidan SN. Acne scars in ethnic skin treated with both non-ablative fractional 1,550 nm and ablative fractional CO2lasers: comparative retrospective analysis with recommended guidelines. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43 (08) 787-791
  24. Manuskiatti W, Triwongwaranat D, Varothai S, Eimpunth S, Wanitphakdeedecha R. Efficacy and safety of a carbon-dioxide ablative fractional resurfacing device for treatment of atrophic acne scars in Asians. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63 (02) 274-283
  25. Hedelund L, Haak CS, Togsverd-Bo K, Bogh MK, Bjerring P, Haedersdal M. Fractional CO2 laser resurfacing for atrophic acne scars: a randomized controlled trial with blinded response evaluation. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44 (06) 447-452
  26. Kim S, Cho KH. Clinical trial of dual treatment with an ablative fractional laser and a nonablative laser for the treatment of acne scars in Asian patients. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (07) 1089-1098
  27. Jung JY, Lee JH, Ryu DJ, Lee SJ, Bang D, Cho SB. Lower-fluence, higher-density versus higher-fluence, lower-density treatment with a 10,600-nm carbon dioxide fractional laser system: a split-face, evaluator-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36 (12) 2022-2029
  28. Yuan XH, Zhong SX, Li SS. Comparison study of fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing using different fluences and densities for acne scars in Asians: a randomized split-face trial. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (05) 545-552
  29. Bjørn M, Stausbøl-Grøn B, Braae Olesen A, Hedelund L. Treatment of acne scars with fractional CO2 laser at 1-month versus 3-month intervals: an intra-individual randomized controlled trial. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46 (02) 89-93
  30. Cho SB, Lee SJ, Cho S. , et al. Non-ablative 1550-nm erbium-glass and ablative 10 600-nm carbon dioxide fractional lasers for acne scars: a randomized split-face study with blinded response evaluation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24 (08) 921-925
  31. Reinholz M, Schwaiger H, Heppt MV. , et al. Comparison of two kinds of lasers in the treatment of acne scars. Facial Plast Surg 2015; 31 (05) 523-531
  32. Asilian A, Salimi E, Faghihi G, Dehghani F, Tajmirriahi N, Hosseini SM. Comparison of Q-Switched 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser and fractional CO2laser efficacies on improvement of atrophic facial acne scar. J Res Med Sci 2011; 16 (09) 1189-1195
  33. Zhang Z, Fei Y, Chen X, Lu W, Chen J. Comparison of a fractional microplasma radio frequency technology and carbon dioxide fractional laser for the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a randomized split-face clinical study. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (04) 559-566
  34. Azzam OA, Atta AT, Sobhi RM, Mostafa PI. Fractional CO(2) laser treatment vs autologous fat transfer in the treatment of acne scars: a comparative study. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12 (01) e7-e13
  35. Ahmed R, Mohammed G, Ismail N, Elakhras A. Randomized clinical trial of CO2LASER pinpoint irradiation technique versus chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) in treating ice pick acne scars. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2014; 16 (01) 8-13
  36. Cameli N, Mariano M, Serio M, Ardigò M. Preliminary comparison of fractional laser with fractional laser plus radiofrequency for the treatment of acne scars and photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (05) 553-561
  37. Faghihi G, Keyvan S, Asilian A, Nouraei S, Behfar S, Nilforoushzadeh MA. Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma combined with fractional ablative carbon dioxide resurfacing laser in treatment of facial atrophic acne scars: A split-face randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2016; 82 (02) 162-168
  38. Gawdat HI, Hegazy RA, Fawzy MM, Fathy M. Autologous platelet rich plasma: topical versus intradermal after fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment of atrophic acne scars. Dermatol Surg 2014; 40 (02) 152-161
  39. Lee JW, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Mun SK. The efficacy of autologous platelet rich plasma combined with ablative carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing for acne scars: a simultaneous split-face trial. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (07) 931-938
  40. Zhou BR, Zhang T, Bin Jameel AA. , et al. The efficacy of conditioned media of adipose-derived stem cells combined with ablative carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing for atrophic acne scars and skin rejuvenation. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2016; 18 (03) 138-148
  41. Manuskiatti W, Iamphonrat T, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Eimpunth S. Comparison of fractional erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet and carbon dioxide lasers in resurfacing of atrophic acne scars in Asians. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (1 Pt 1): 111-120
  42. Dreno B, Khammari A, Orain N. , et al. ECCA grading scale: an original validated acne scar grading scale for clinical practice in dermatology. Dermatology 2007; 214 (01) 46-51
  43. Lynn DD, Umari T, Dunnick CA, Dellavalle RP. The epidemiology of acne vulgaris in late adolescence. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2016; 7: 13-25
  44. Ghodsi SZ, Orawa H, Zouboulis CC. Prevalence, severity, and severity risk factors of acne in high school pupils: a community-based study. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129 (09) 2136-2141
  45. Lauermann FT, Almeida Jr HL, Duquia RP, Souza PR, Breunig JdeA. Acne scars in 18-year-old male adolescents: a population-based study of prevalence and associated factors. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91 (03) 291-295
  46. Naouri M, Atlan M, Perrodeau E. , et al. High-resolution ultrasound imaging to demonstrate and predict efficacy of carbon dioxide fractional resurfacing laser treatment. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (05) 596-603
  47. Magnani LR, Schweiger ES. Fractional CO2lasers for the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a review of the literature. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2014; 16 (02) 48-56
  48. Mu, Y. Z., Jiang, L., & Yang, H. (2019). The efficacy of fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser combined with other therapies in acne scars. Dermatologic therapy, 32(6), e13084.
  49. Galal, O., Tawfik, A. A., Abdalla, N., & Soliman, M. (2019). Fractional CO2 laser versus combined platelet-rich plasma and fractional CO2 laser in treatment of acne scars: Image analysis system evaluation. Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 18(6), 1665–1671. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12909

Bibliography

  1. Rao J. Treatment of acne scarring. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011;19:275-91.
  2. Ip A, Muller I, Geraghty AWA, et al. Views and experiences of people with acne vulgaris and healthcare professionals about treatments: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research. BMJ Open 2021;11:e041794
  3. Abdel Hay R, Shalaby K, Zaher H, et al. interventions for acne scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;4:CD011946
  4. Barbaric J, Abbott R, Posadzki P, et al. Light therapies for acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;9:CD007917
  5. Sobanko JF, Alster TS. Management of acne scarring, part I: a comparative review of laser surgical approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:319-30.
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